With recent advances in photography with digital manipulation, many people are becoming skeptical of altered images. However, certain genres seem to be immune to the speculation if it appears to be a pure straight natural image. The vast majority of skies from the Heavens series are manufactured and constructed skyscapes. These skies are composed of anywhere from one to over a hundred different images. 

The earth is in constant rotation while the ethereal vapor-state of clouds is constantly morphing and the sun’s light is producing different intensities, color temperatures, and angular directions. Each capture is unique. When these separate images are montaged, blended, and brushed, they create a singular image of a believable sky that never existed nor occupied the same space or time. When spectators view the work, they rarely second guess the process, and accept the image as reality, in which it becomes once adopted.

"In his cloud photographs, which he termed Equivalents, [Alfred] Stieglitz emphasized pure abstraction, adhering to the modern ideas of equivalence, holding that abstract forms, lines, and colors could represent corresponding inner states, emotions and ideas.” 
​- Alfred Stieglitz, Equivalent Series, The Phillips Collection